{"id":2221,"date":"2023-08-19T13:09:45","date_gmt":"2023-08-19T13:09:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.railgrindingwheel.com\/?p=2221"},"modified":"2025-10-21T07:30:55","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T07:30:55","slug":"quest-ce-que-le-meulage-des-rails-et-comment-est-il-pratique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.railgrindingwheel.com\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-meulage-des-rails-et-comment-est-il-pratique\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu'est-ce que le meulage des rails et comment est-il pratiqu\u00e9 ?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Qu'est-ce que le meulage des rails et comment est-il pratiqu\u00e9 ?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Le meulage des rails est une technique efficace pour r\u00e9parer et entretenir les voies ferr\u00e9es. Cet article traite de la pratique du meulage des rails.<\/p>

La voie ferr\u00e9e guide le train pour lui permettre d'avancer tout en supportant la charge. La plan\u00e9it\u00e9 des rails est la pierre angulaire d'une circulation s\u00fbre, confortable et \u00e0 grande vitesse. Le frottement entre le rail et la roue du train fait appara\u00eetre des d\u00e9fauts (\u00e9caillage, \u00e9br\u00e9chure, fissure, ondulation du rail) et laisse une surface irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re. Tous ces d\u00e9fauts sur les rails s'aggravent s'ils ne sont pas ponc\u00e9s \u00e0 temps. Le pon\u00e7age des rails est une technique efficace pour la r\u00e9paration et l'entretien des voies ferr\u00e9es. L'utilisation de ponceuses de rails permet d'\u00e9liminer les d\u00e9fauts des rails et de restaurer leur profil. La dur\u00e9e de vie des voies ferr\u00e9es est ainsi prolong\u00e9e.<\/p>

D\u00e9fauts des rails<\/h2>

Il convient tout d'abord d'\u00e9voquer les d\u00e9fauts des rails avant d'aborder le pon\u00e7age des rails. Les rails sont soumis \u00e0 des contraintes extr\u00eames et compact\u00e9s par les roues des trains. Des dommages apparaissent in\u00e9vitablement \u00e0 la surface des rails. Les d\u00e9fauts courants des rails comprennent l'usure verticale, l'usure lat\u00e9rale, l'ondulation des rails, l'usure par fatigue de contact (\u00e9caillage, \u00e9br\u00e9chure, fissuration), le fluage plastique, etc.<\/p>

Ces d\u00e9fauts ind\u00e9pendants du rail provoqueront un choc \u00e0 chaque passage de la roue du train, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant alors une charge plusieurs fois sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la normale. Les rails sont donc soumis \u00e0 une forte pression. Dans des circonstances normales, ces dommages s'aggraveront, et certaines conditions graves entra\u00eeneront une d\u00e9faillance de la voie ferr\u00e9e.<\/p>

Les rails ne sont pas les seuls \u00e0 \u00eatre affect\u00e9s. Les rails ne peuvent pas absorber toute l'\u00e9nergie produite par l'impact. Ces chocs continueront \u00e0 se propager \u00e0 d'autres structures de la voie, telles que les patins de rail et les traverses. Finalement, la plate-forme s'affaissera localement et la voie ferr\u00e9e perdra sa stabilit\u00e9.<\/p>

Profil ferroviaire optimal<\/h2>

Les d\u00e9fauts des rails entra\u00eenent une modification de leur profil, ce qui rend instable le contact entre le rail et la roue. Le meulage des rails consiste en fait \u00e0 d\u00e9couper la surface du rail, \u00e0 \u00e9liminer les d\u00e9fauts et \u00e0 restaurer le profil optimal du rail. Le profil optimal du rail est illustr\u00e9 ci-dessous.<\/p>

Lorsque le train roule en ligne droite ou dans une courbe \u00e0 grand rayon, la bande de roulement de la roue est en contact avec la zone B du champignon du rail. Dans cet \u00e9tat, la contrainte de contact et la force de fluage lat\u00e9rale sont minimales ; lorsque le boudin de la roue est proche de l'angle de l'\u00e9cartement des rails, c'est-\u00e0-dire dans la zone C de la figure, lorsqu'un contact conforme est \u00e9tabli, la contrainte de contact est minimale.<\/p>

\"profil-optimal-rail\"
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\"angle
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Le profil du champignon du rail est similaire \u00e0 une forme arqu\u00e9e, mais le meulage proprement dit (type meule) consiste \u00e0 diviser le champignon du rail en diff\u00e9rentes zones en fonction de l'angle, c'est-\u00e0-dire que le profil du champignon du rail est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme compos\u00e9 de segments de ligne divis\u00e9s par des angles, et la position qui doit \u00eatre meul\u00e9e correspond \u00e0 un certain angle.<\/p>

Plus les dommages subis par les rails sont importants, plus le pon\u00e7age et la d\u00e9coupe sont importants, plus la charge de travail est importante, plus la difficult\u00e9 est grande et plus la dur\u00e9e de vie des rails est courte. Par cons\u00e9quent, le pon\u00e7age pr\u00e9ventif et le pon\u00e7age correctif s'apparentent \u00e0 des \u201c traitements m\u00e9dicaux \u201d, et le meilleur moyen est d'emp\u00eacher les rails de \u201c tomber malades \u201d. Effectuez r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement un pon\u00e7age pr\u00e9ventif afin d'\u00e9liminer les dommages \u00e0 leur stade embryonnaire.<\/p>

Types de meulage des rails<\/h2>

Pr\u00e9-broyage<\/h3>

Le pr\u00e9-meulage du nouveau rail permet d'\u00e9liminer la couche d\u00e9carbonis\u00e9e et les d\u00e9fauts de surface li\u00e9s \u00e0 la production, au soudage, au transport et \u00e0 la construction du rail. Il permet \u00e9galement d'optimiser le profil de la t\u00eate du rail et d'am\u00e9liorer la fluidit\u00e9 du joint soud\u00e9. De plus, il permet de r\u00e9parer les dommages caus\u00e9s \u00e0 la surface du rail lors du processus de pose des voies. L'usure des rails s'est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e au fil du temps, mais en assurant d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part un bon contact entre les roues et les rails, il est possible de limiter les dommages initiaux.<\/p>

Meulage pr\u00e9ventif<\/h3>

Le meulage pr\u00e9ventif consiste \u00e0 meuler r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement les rails afin de restaurer leur profil, ce qui permet d'\u00e9liminer les fissures de contrainte superficielles d\u00e8s leur apparition et de bien contr\u00f4ler la propagation des fissures de fatigue dues au contact de roulement.<\/p>

Rectification corrective<\/h3>

Le meulage correctif d\u00e9signe l'op\u00e9ration consistant \u00e0 meuler un rail apr\u00e8s l'apparition de d\u00e9fauts superficiels. Le meulage correctif \u00e9tait courant \u00e0 l'aube de la technologie de meulage des rails. Il est principalement utilis\u00e9 pour r\u00e9parer les rails en \u00e9liminant les dommages importants \u00e0 leur surface, tels que les fissures de fatigue, les ondulations, les \u00e9clats, les d\u00e9formations plastiques et autres d\u00e9fauts.<\/p>

La figure ci-dessous montre l'effet du meulage pr\u00e9ventif et du meulage correctif sur la dur\u00e9e de vie du rail. La ligne jaune repr\u00e9sente le meulage pr\u00e9ventif. Chaque meulage retarde l'apparition des dommages et augmente la dur\u00e9e de vie du rail. Le meulage pr\u00e9ventif avant que les microfissures ne d\u00e9passent 0,2 mm est le meilleur moment pour bloquer la tendance \u00e0 l'acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration des dommages sur le rail.<\/p>

\"meulage
meulage pr\u00e9ventif vs meulage correctif<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>

Pratique du meulage des rails<\/h2>

Comment les rails sont-ils rectifi\u00e9s ? Il existe principalement trois m\u00e9thodes.<\/p>

  • Meulage de patins coulissants<\/li><\/ul>

    Le meulage \u00e0 chaussure coulissante consiste \u00e0 meuler la surface du rail en appuyant la meule sur le rail pour effectuer un mouvement de va-et-vient. Cette m\u00e9thode de meulage ne permet de meuler que la t\u00eate du rail dans le sens longitudinal et ne permet pas d'ajuster le profil du rail ni de meuler l'aiguillage. De plus, la vitesse de meulage est faible. Cette m\u00e9thode a \u00e9t\u00e9 progressivement abandonn\u00e9e.<\/p>

    • Meule<\/li><\/ul>

      Le meulage \u00e0 la meule utilise g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement une meule rotative \u00e0 grande vitesse entra\u00een\u00e9e par un moteur \u00e9lectrique ou un moteur hydraulique pour meuler le rail. Il s'agit d'une m\u00e9thode de meulage active qui est actuellement la principale m\u00e9thode de meulage. Le rail est meul\u00e9 verticalement et horizontalement.<\/p>

      \"meulage
      meulage de roues<\/figcaption><\/figure>
      \"meulage
      meulage passif<\/figcaption><\/figure>
      \"broyeur
      broyeur<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/figure>

      Il existe \u00e9galement une sorte de meulage passif. La position de la meule est inclin\u00e9e selon un certain angle par rapport au sens de marche du train. Le fonctionnement \u00e0 grande vitesse du tracteur moteur entra\u00eene la meule \u00e0 tourner \u00e0 grande vitesse sur le rail. Le mouvement relatif entre la meule et le rail atteint la vitesse de meulage requise. Meulez toute la t\u00eate du rail, du bord de roulement au surface de roulement. Ce type de meulage est appel\u00e9 meulage \u00e0 grande vitesse en raison de la vitesse de meulage \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p>

      • Fraisage<\/li><\/ul>

        Le fraisage est un nouveau type de mode de r\u00e9paration du profil des rails. La fraise est install\u00e9e sur la surface radiale de la roue de fraisage. Chaque section de fraisage est \u00e9quip\u00e9e de plusieurs fraises. Il y a plusieurs sections de fraisage par roue de fraisage. De cette mani\u00e8re, toutes les fraises forment un profil de t\u00eate de rail \u00e0 compl\u00e9ter.<\/p>

        Les avantages du meulage des rails<\/h3>
        • Am\u00e9liorer l'interaction entre la roue et le rail en modifiant le profil du rail, r\u00e9duisant ainsi les contraintes et l'usure au niveau du contact roue-rail.<\/li>
        • Corrigez ou contr\u00f4lez l'ondulation des rails. Ces d\u00e9fauts augmentent le bruit des roues et des rails et acc\u00e9l\u00e8rent la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration des composants des v\u00e9hicules et des voies, pouvant m\u00eame entra\u00eener des limitations de vitesse des trains.<\/li>
        • Contr\u00f4lez les d\u00e9fauts li\u00e9s \u00e0 la fatigue par contact roulant. Ces d\u00e9fauts augmentent le risque d'endommagement des rails et r\u00e9duisent m\u00eame l'efficacit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9tection des d\u00e9fauts par ultrasons.<\/li>
        • Correction ou contr\u00f4le d'autres d\u00e9fauts des rails (tels que le roulement des roues, l'\u00e9crasement, les fissures verticales et longitudinales de la t\u00eate de rail)<\/li>
        • R\u00e9duire les effets n\u00e9gatifs du mouvement des roues et des bogies.<\/li>
        • R\u00e9duire le bruit et les vibrations, r\u00e9duire les irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s verticales des joints courants et des joints soud\u00e9s, et contr\u00f4ler l'ondulation des rails.<\/li>
        • Att\u00e9nuer les effets n\u00e9gatifs de la roue \u00e0 forte charge par essieu et am\u00e9liorer les conditions de contact roue-rail.<\/li>
        • Assurez-vous que les rails et les roues sont correctement en contact afin de r\u00e9duire l'instabilit\u00e9 lat\u00e9rale du v\u00e9hicule (glissement lat\u00e9ral).<\/li><\/ul>

          L'impact \u00e9conomique du meulage des rails<\/h3>
          • Le meulage pr\u00e9ventif peut prolonger la dur\u00e9e de vie des voies ferr\u00e9es. Le meulage r\u00e9gulier des rails, conform\u00e9ment au calendrier pr\u00e9vu, peut prolonger leur dur\u00e9e de vie de 5 \u00e0 8 ans.<\/li>
          • R\u00e9duire les r\u00e9parations et l'entretien des fixations.<\/li>
          • R\u00e9duire la consommation de carburant des locomotives et les co\u00fbts de r\u00e9paration des roues.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            What Is Rail Grinding And How It Is Practiced Rail grinding is one effective technique of railroad track repair and maintenance. This article is about the practice of rail grinding. The\u00a0Railroad track\u00a0guides the train to move forward and bear the load at the same time. The flatness of rails is the cornerstone of safe, comfortable, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2157,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"boxed","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"disabled","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"disabled","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2221","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat Is Rail Grinding And How It Is Practiced | Rail Grinding Wheel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What Is Rail Grinding And How It Is Practiced? 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