{"id":2221,"date":"2023-08-19T13:09:45","date_gmt":"2023-08-19T13:09:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.railgrindingwheel.com\/?p=2221"},"modified":"2025-10-21T07:30:55","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T07:30:55","slug":"que-es-el-esmerilado-de-carriles-y-como-se-practica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.railgrindingwheel.com\/es_es\/que-es-el-esmerilado-de-carriles-y-como-se-practica\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u00e9 es el esmerilado de ra\u00edles y c\u00f3mo se practica"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Qu\u00e9 es el esmerilado de ra\u00edles y c\u00f3mo se practica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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El esmerilado de carriles es una t\u00e9cnica eficaz de reparaci\u00f3n y mantenimiento de v\u00edas f\u00e9rreas. Este art\u00edculo trata sobre la pr\u00e1ctica del esmerilado de carriles.<\/p>

La v\u00eda f\u00e9rrea gu\u00eda al tren para que avance y soporte la carga al mismo tiempo. La planitud de los ra\u00edles es la piedra angular de una circulaci\u00f3n segura, c\u00f3moda y a alta velocidad. La fricci\u00f3n entre el carril y la rueda del tren hace que aparezcan defectos (desconchones, desconchones, grietas, ondulaciones del carril) y deja una superficie irregular. Todos estos defectos de los ra\u00edles empeoran si no se rectifican a tiempo. El esmerilado de carriles es una t\u00e9cnica eficaz para la reparaci\u00f3n y el mantenimiento de las v\u00edas f\u00e9rreas. Mediante el uso de esmeriladoras de carriles, se elimina el material defectuoso del carril y se restaura el perfil del carril. De este modo, se prolonga la vida \u00fatil de las v\u00edas f\u00e9rreas.<\/p>

Defectos en los ra\u00edles<\/h2>

Cuando se habla de esmerilado de ra\u00edles, hay que hablar primero de sus defectos. Los ra\u00edles est\u00e1n sometidos a tensiones extremas y son compactados por las ruedas de los trenes. Es inevitable que aparezcan da\u00f1os en la superficie del ra\u00edl. Entre los defectos comunes de los ra\u00edles se incluyen el desgaste vertical, el desgaste lateral, la ondulaci\u00f3n de los ra\u00edles, el desgaste por fatiga de contacto (desconchamiento, descascarillado, agrietamiento), el flujo pl\u00e1stico, etc.<\/p>

Estos defectos independientes del carril supondr\u00e1n un choque cada vez que pase la rueda del tren y generar\u00e1n una carga varias veces superior a la normal. Por lo tanto, los ra\u00edles est\u00e1n sometidos a una gran presi\u00f3n. En circunstancias normales, estos da\u00f1os se expandir\u00e1n a\u00fan m\u00e1s, algunas condiciones severas har\u00e1n que el ferrocarril falle.<\/p>

No s\u00f3lo se ven afectados los ra\u00edles. Los ra\u00edles no pueden absorber toda la energ\u00eda producida por el impacto. Estos impactos seguir\u00e1n transmiti\u00e9ndose a otras estructuras de la v\u00eda, como las zapatas y las traviesas. Finalmente, el lecho de la v\u00eda se hundir\u00e1 localmente y el ferrocarril perder\u00e1 su estabilidad.<\/p>

Perfil \u00f3ptimo del ra\u00edl<\/h2>

Los defectos del ra\u00edl provocan un cambio de su perfil, lo que hace que el contacto entre el ra\u00edl y la rueda sea inestable. El rectificado de ra\u00edles consiste en cortar la superficie del ra\u00edl, eliminar los defectos y restablecer el perfil \u00f3ptimo del ra\u00edl. El perfil \u00f3ptimo del carril se muestra a continuaci\u00f3n en la figura.<\/p>

Cuando el tren circula en l\u00ednea recta o en una curva de gran radio, la banda de rodadura de la rueda est\u00e1 en contacto con la zona de la cabeza del carril B. En este estado, la tensi\u00f3n de contacto y la fuerza de fluencia lateral son las m\u00e1s peque\u00f1as; cuando la pesta\u00f1a de la rueda est\u00e1 cerca del \u00e1ngulo del g\u00e1libo del carril, es decir, en la zona C de la figura, cuando se forma un contacto conforme, la tensi\u00f3n de contacto es la m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a.<\/p>

\"perfil
<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"\u00e1ngulo
<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/figure>

El perfil de la cabeza del ra\u00edl es similar a una forma de arco, pero el rectificado real (tipo de muela abrasiva) consiste en dividir la cabeza del ra\u00edl en diferentes zonas seg\u00fan el \u00e1ngulo, es decir, el perfil de la cabeza del ra\u00edl se considera compuesto por segmentos de l\u00ednea divididos por \u00e1ngulos, y la posici\u00f3n que hay que rectificar corresponde es un \u00e1ngulo determinado.<\/p>

Cuanto m\u00e1s grave sea el da\u00f1o del ra\u00edl, mayor ser\u00e1 la cantidad de rectificado y corte, mayor la carga de trabajo, mayor la dificultad y menor la vida \u00fatil del ra\u00edl. Por lo tanto, el esmerilado preventivo y el esmerilado correctivo son como \u201ccurar enfermedades\u201d, y la mejor manera es evitar que los ra\u00edles est\u00e9n \u201cenfermos\u201d. Realice el esmerilado preventivo con regularidad para eliminar los da\u00f1os en estado de germinaci\u00f3n.<\/p>

Tipos de esmerilado de ra\u00edles<\/h2>

Molienda previa<\/h3>

El rectificado previo del ra\u00edl nuevo puede eliminar la capa descarbonizada y eliminar los defectos superficiales en la producci\u00f3n, soldadura, transporte y construcci\u00f3n del ra\u00edl. Tambi\u00e9n puede optimizar el perfil de la cabeza del carril y mejorar la suavidad de la uni\u00f3n soldada. Adem\u00e1s, puede reparar los da\u00f1os en la superficie del carril causados durante el proceso de tendido de la v\u00eda. El desgaste del carril se desarrolla en un tiempo de progreso, garantizar un buen contacto entre las ruedas y los carriles desde el principio puede limitar el da\u00f1o inicial.<\/p>

Rectificado preventivo<\/h3>

El rectificado preventivo consiste en rectificar los ra\u00edles con regularidad, restaurando el perfil del ra\u00edl de modo que las grietas de tensi\u00f3n superficial en el ra\u00edl puedan eliminarse en la etapa de iniciaci\u00f3n, y la propagaci\u00f3n de las grietas de fatiga por contacto de rodadura del ra\u00edl pueda controlarse bien.<\/p>

Rectificado correctivo<\/h3>

El esmerilado correctivo se refiere a la operaci\u00f3n de esmerilado de ra\u00edles despu\u00e9s de que se hayan generado defectos superficiales. El rectificado correctivo prevaleci\u00f3 en la etapa de nacimiento de la tecnolog\u00eda de rectificado de ra\u00edles. Se lleva a cabo principalmente para reparar ra\u00edles eliminando da\u00f1os graves en las superficies de los ra\u00edles, como grietas por fatiga, corrugaci\u00f3n, desprendimiento, flujo pl\u00e1stico y otros defectos.<\/p>

La siguiente figura muestra el efecto del esmerilado preventivo y el esmerilado correctivo en la vida \u00fatil del ra\u00edl. La l\u00ednea amarilla representa el esmerilado preventivo. Cada rectificado retrasar\u00e1 el desarrollo de los da\u00f1os y aumentar\u00e1 la vida \u00fatil del ra\u00edl. El esmerilado preventivo antes de que las microfisuras superen los 0,2 mm es el mejor momento para bloquear la tendencia al da\u00f1o acelerado del ra\u00edl.<\/p>

\"rectificado
rectificado preventivo - rectificado correctivo<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>

Pr\u00e1cticas de esmerilado de ra\u00edles<\/h2>

\u00bfC\u00f3mo se conectan a tierra los ra\u00edles? Existen principalmente tres formas.<\/p>

  • Rectificado de zapatas deslizantes<\/li><\/ul>

    El rectificado de zapatas deslizantes consiste en rectificar la superficie del ra\u00edl presionando la muela sobre el ra\u00edl para realizar el movimiento de vaiv\u00e9n. Este m\u00e9todo de rectificado s\u00f3lo puede rectificar la cabeza del ra\u00edl longitudinalmente, y no puede ajustar el perfil del ra\u00edl ni rectificar el interruptor. Adem\u00e1s, la velocidad de rectificado es baja. Este m\u00e9todo se ha ido eliminando gradualmente.<\/p>

    • Muela abrasiva<\/li><\/ul>

      El rectificado con muela abrasiva suele utilizar una muela abrasiva giratoria de alta velocidad accionada por un motor el\u00e9ctrico o un motor hidr\u00e1ulico para rectificar el ra\u00edl. Se trata de un m\u00e9todo de rectificado activo y actualmente es el principal m\u00e9todo de rectificado. El ra\u00edl se rectifica vertical y horizontalmente.<\/p>

      \"rectificado
      rectificado de ruedas<\/figcaption><\/figure>
      \"molienda
      molienda pasiva<\/figcaption><\/figure>
      \"molino
      molinillo<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/figure>

      Tambi\u00e9n existe un tipo de rectificado pasivo. La posici\u00f3n de la muela abrasiva est\u00e1 inclinada un cierto \u00e1ngulo con respecto a la direcci\u00f3n de desplazamiento del tren. El funcionamiento a alta velocidad del tractor propulsa la muela abrasiva para que gire a gran velocidad sobre el ra\u00edl. El movimiento relativo entre la muela abrasiva y el ra\u00edl alcanza la velocidad de esmerilado de material requerida. Rectifica toda la cabeza del ra\u00edl desde el borde de rodadura del ra\u00edl hasta la superficie de rodadura. Este tipo de m\u00e9todo de esmerilado se denomina esmerilado de rieles de alta velocidad debido a la r\u00e1pida velocidad de esmerilado.<\/p>

      • Fresado<\/li><\/ul>

        El fresado es un nuevo tipo de modo de reparaci\u00f3n del perfil del carril. La fresa se instala en la superficie radial de la rueda de fresado. Cada secci\u00f3n de fresado est\u00e1 equipada con varias fresas. Hay varias secciones de fresado por rueda de fresado. De este modo, se realiza todo el fresado. La cuchilla forma un perfil de cabeza de carril a completar.<\/p>

        Las ventajas del rectificado de ra\u00edles<\/h3>
        • Mejorar la interacci\u00f3n rueda-carril modificando el perfil del carril, reduciendo as\u00ed la tensi\u00f3n y el desgaste del contacto rueda-carril.<\/li>
        • Corregir o controlar la ondulaci\u00f3n de los carriles. Estos defectos aumentar\u00e1n el ruido de las ruedas y los ra\u00edles y acelerar\u00e1n el ritmo de deterioro de los componentes de los veh\u00edculos y los elementos de la v\u00eda, provocando incluso limitaciones de velocidad de los trenes.<\/li>
        • Controlar los defectos de fatiga por contacto de rodadura. Estos defectos aumentar\u00e1n el riesgo de da\u00f1os en el carril e incluso reducir\u00e1n la eficacia de la detecci\u00f3n ultras\u00f3nica de defectos en el carril.<\/li>
        • Correcci\u00f3n o control de otros defectos del carril (como rodamiento de ruedas, aplastamiento, grietas verticales y longitudinales de la cabeza del carril).<\/li>
        • Reducir los efectos adversos del movimiento de las ruedas y los bogies.<\/li>
        • Reducen el ruido y las vibraciones, reducen las irregularidades verticales de las juntas comunes y las juntas soldadas, y controlan la ondulaci\u00f3n de los ra\u00edles.<\/li>
        • Aliviar los efectos adversos de la rueda de gran carga por eje y mejorar las condiciones de contacto rueda-carril.<\/li>
        • Hacer que los ra\u00edles y las ruedas contacten correctamente, reduciendo la inestabilidad lateral del veh\u00edculo (fluencia lateral).<\/li><\/ul>

          Efectos econ\u00f3micos de la molienda ferroviaria<\/h3>
          • El esmerilado preventivo puede prolongar la vida \u00fatil de las v\u00edas f\u00e9rreas. Los ra\u00edles rectificados regularmente seg\u00fan lo previsto pueden prolongar la vida \u00fatil entre 5 y 8 a\u00f1os.<\/li>
          • Reducir la reparaci\u00f3n y el mantenimiento de elementos de fijaci\u00f3n.<\/li>
          • Reducir el consumo de combustible de la locomotora y los costes de reparaci\u00f3n de las ruedas.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            What Is Rail Grinding And How It Is Practiced Rail grinding is one effective technique of railroad track repair and maintenance. This article is about the practice of rail grinding. The\u00a0Railroad track\u00a0guides the train to move forward and bear the load at the same time. The flatness of rails is the cornerstone of safe, comfortable, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2157,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"boxed","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"disabled","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"disabled","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2221","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat Is Rail Grinding And How It Is Practiced | Rail Grinding Wheel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What Is Rail Grinding And How It Is Practiced? 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